Birth rates in most developed countries are in a freefall. The U.S. joined the list of countries that are not giving birth to enough children to keep their populations from declining.
While that may seem like good news – more to go around, it’s a real problem for economies and societies based on young people entering the workforce to take care of older generations. If you don’t give birth and you’d don’t encourage immigration, eventually you have a lot of legacy systems and programs with no one to fund them.
This is in sharp contrast to more than two centuries ago when the English scholar Thomas Malthus predicted that the population was growing so fast that people would soon be starving en masse. Through the mid-20th century, he was partially right. The world’s population was growing exponentially. What he and many others failed to anticipate was the decline of the births in developed countries.
The U.S. overall birthrate fell 2 percent from 2007 to 2008, when about 4.2 million babies were born. This dip pushed the fertility rate below 2.1 per woman, the replacement rate that is required to sustain a population. This rate in fact has been in steep decline for white females for several decades. By comparison the fertility rate in 1965 was 5.0 and in 2002 it was 2.8.
The fall in fertility rates has been masked by the high birth rates of Hispanics (3.1) and unfortunately teen pregnancies. Even as recently as 2008, the number of births to teens ages 15 to 19 was 41.5 per 1,000 teens..and that’s after a 2 percent drop compared to 2007.
The overall birth rate decline in developed countries shouldn’t come as any surprise. For example, when Mathus was a teenager in 1775, the women on average in England had nearly 6 children. By 1875, the birth rate had fallen to 3.35. Today, it is less than 2.
The story isn’t so much difference in Germany. In 1850, the birth rate was 5 children per woman. Today – it’s a paltry 1.4. In Italy, the rate went from 5 children in 1850 to 1.3 today.
The same holds true for the women in Singapore, Lithuania, Austria, Canada, Poland, South Korea, and nearly 65 countries do not bear enough children to keep those nations populated. In some countries, the rate has fallen to one child per woman per lifetime. Since every child is actually replacing two parents in the next generation, it’s easy to see how quickly a country’s population can plummet.
Japan is one of the most striking examples of what happens when a population stops growing. Its population is expected to fall by 21 percent in the next 40 years. By then, forty percent of the population will be made of people older than 65.
Europe’s population will peak by 2020. The European Union as a whole has a very low total fertility rate of 1.5!) The population will drop 16 percent through the mid-century. Germany, Poland, and Russia will be down by over 20 percent. Germany’s over 65 population has already reached 20 percent and is expected to exceed one-third by 2050. In Italy, more than one-fifth of all Italians are living on a pension.
The problem isn’t isolated to developed countries. Developing countries like Mexico, Egypt, and India also face an aging population. Mexico had a birth rate of almost 7 children per woman just a few decades ago. It’s now 2.3. Egypt went from 7 children to 2.7. India is down from 6 to 2.7 births per woman. Even China’s birth rate, thanks to their one-child policy, is a paltry 1.75.
What do you think this means for their economies, communities, and society? What does this mean for Generation Y and future generations?
